التلوث بالانكليزي

Introduction

Pollution is the addition to
the ecosystem of someting which has a detrimental effect on it. One of the most
important causes of pollution is the high rate of energy usage by modern,
growing populations.

Different kinds of pollution are
found. In this section we will discuss:

1. Air Pollution.

2. Water Pollution.

3. Land Pollution.

Air Pollution

Air pollution is the accumulation
in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger
human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other
materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation,
the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially,
transportation. The six major types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.

Examples of Air Pollution

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution
or unwanted sounds that are carried by the air, have an irritating and
detrimental effect on humans and other animals. Careful planning of streets and
biuldings in towns and better control over noisy vechiles may add to the
control of noise pollution.

Tobacco Smoke

Tobacco smoke is
one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not only the smoker who
is infected, but everyone who inhales the polluted air. There is a very strong
connection between smoking and lung cancer. Bronchitis is common among smokers
and unborn babies of mothers who smoke also suffer from the harmful effects of
smoking.

Exhaust Gases of Vehicles

Pollution from
exhaust gases of vehicles is reponsible for 60% of all air pollution and in
cities up to 80%. There is a large variety of harmful chemicals present in
these gases, with lead being one of the most dangerous.

Combustion of Coal

The combustion
of caol without special precautions can have serious consequences. If winds do
not blow away the poisonous gases, they can have fatal effects and may lead to
death.

Acid rain

Acid rain is the
term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with
atmospheric moisture to produce highly acidic rain, snow, hail, or fog. The
acid eats into the stone, brick and metal articles and pollutes water sources.
Coal in South Africa is rich
in sulphur and the power stations in the Mpumalanga Province
could be reponsible for acid rain over other areas of our country.

Control Measures

Although individual
people can help to combat air pollution in their own immediate environment,
efficient control can be best achieved by legislation. Some commonly enforced
control measures include

the establishment of more smokeless
zones;
control over the kinds of fuel used
in cars, aeroplanes, power stations, etc.

Water Pollution

Water pollution is the
introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biological
material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms
living in it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or
suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic
pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nondegradable,
bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).

Examples of Water Pollution

Industrial affluents

Water is
discharged from after having been used in production processes. This waste
water may contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases
harmful bacteria.

Mining and Agricultural Wastes

Mines,
especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quatities of acid
water. Agricultural pesticides, fertilisers and herbicides may wash into rivers
and stagnant water bodies.

Sewage Disposal and Domestic
Wastes

Sewage as wel as
domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers and dams.

Control Measures

The following measures can be
used to stop water pollution:

every intelligent people should be
wise enough not to pollute water in any way;
by research and legislation the
pollution of water bodies, even though not entirely prevented, must be
effectively controlled.

Land Pollution

Land pollution is the degradation
of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural
practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate
disposal of urban wastes. It includes visible waste and litter as well as
pollution of the soil itself.

Examples of Land Pollution

Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is mainly
due to chemicals in herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides (poisons which
kill insects and other invertebrate pests). Litter is waste material dumped in
public places such as streets, parks, picnic areas, at bus stops and near
shops.

Waste Disposal
The accumulation of waste
threatens the health of people in residential areas. Waste decays, encourages
household pests and turns urban areas into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy
places to live in.

Control Measures

The following measures can be
used to control land pollution:

anti-litter campaigns can educate
people against littering;
organic waste can be dumped in
places far from residential areas;

inorganic materials such as metals, glass and
plastic, but also paper, can be reclaimed and recycled

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